[0:00:01] Okay. All right. Well, good evening, everybody. Welcome. Elon, thanks for being here. Thank you for having me. We feel very privileged. We're excited to have you. Right. So I'm going to start with some questions, and then we're going to open it up. Let me get straight into it. So Bill Gates said, there is no one in our time who has done more to push the bounds of science innovation than you. Well, that's kind of what I'm going to say. Well, that's it. That's a nice thing to have anyone say about you. Nice coming from Bill Gates. But oddly enough, when it comes to AI, actually, for around a decade,
[0:00:31] You've almost been doing the opposite and saying, hang on, we need to think about what we're doing and what we're pushing here and what do we do to make this safe and actually maybe we shouldn't be pushing as fast or as hard as we are. I mean, you've been doing it for a decade. What was it that caused you to think about it that way and why do we need to be worried? Yeah, I've been somewhat of a Cassandra for quite a while. I would tell people, we should really be concerned about AI. They'd be like, what are you talking about? I've never really had any experience with AI.
[0:00:59] Since I was immersed in technology, I have been immersed in technology for a long time, I could see it coming. But I think this year there have been a number of breakthroughs. The point at which someone can see a dynamically created video of themselves, like somebody can make a video of you saying anything in real time, or me.
[0:01:26] So there's sort of the deep fake videos, which are really incredibly good. In fact, sometimes more convincing than real ones. Deep real. And then obviously things like ChatGPT were quite remarkable. Now I saw GPT-1, GPT-2, GPT-3, GPT-4, the whole sort of lead up to that. So it was easy for me to kind of see where it's going if you just sort of extrapolate the points on a curve.
[0:01:55] And as soon as that trend will continue, then we will have profound artificial intelligence, and obviously at a level that far exceeds human intelligence. But I'm glad to see at this point that people are taking safety seriously. And I'd like to say thank you for holding this AI safety conference. I think actually it will go down in history as being very important. I think it's really quite profound.
[0:02:24] And I do think overall that the potential is there for artificial intelligence, AI, to have most likely a positive effect and to create a future of abundance where there is no scarcity of goods and services. But it is somewhat of the magic genie problem, where if you have a magic genie that can grant all the wishes, usually those stories don't end well.
[0:02:53] Be careful what you wish for, including wishes. Yeah. So you talked a little bit about the summit. And thank you for being engaged in it, which has been great. And people enjoyed having you there, participating in this dialogue. Now, one of the things that we achieved today in the meetings between the companies and the leaders was an agreement that externally, ideally, governments should be doing safety testing of models before they're released.
[0:03:22] I think this is something that you've spoken about a little bit. It was something we worked really hard on because my job in government is to say, hang on, there is a potential risk here, not a definite risk, but a potential risk of something that could be bad. My job is to protect the country. And we can only do that if we develop the capability we need in our safety institute and then go in and make sure we can test the models before they are released.
[0:03:46] Delighted that that happened today. But what's your view on what we should be doing? You've talked about the potential risk. Again, we don't know. But what are the types of things governments like ours should be doing to manage and mitigate against those risks? Well, I generally think that it is good for government to play a role when the public safety is at risk. So really, for the vast majority of software, the public safety is not at risk.
[0:04:12] If the app crashes on your phone or your laptop, it's not a massive catastrophe. But when you're talking about digital superintelligence, I think, which does pose a risk to the public, then there is a role for government to play to safeguard the interests of the public. And this is, of course, true in many fields, aviation, cars. I deal with regulators throughout the world because of...
[0:04:39] Starlink being communications, rockets being aerospace, and cars being vehicle transport. So I'm very familiar with dealing with regulators, and I actually agree with the vast majority of regulations. There's a few that I disagree with from time to time, but 0.1% probably, or less than 1% of regulations I disagree with. So there is some concern from people in Silicon Valley who have never dealt with regulators before, and they think that this is going to just
[0:05:07] Crush innovation and slow them down and be annoying. And it will be annoying. It's true. They're not wrong about that. But I think we've learned over the years that having a referee is a good thing. And if you look at any sports game, there's always a referee. And nobody's suggesting, I think, to have a sports game without one. And I think that's the right way to think about this is for
[0:05:36] We're governed to be a referee to make sure the sportsmanlike conduct and that the public safety is addressed, that we care about the public safety. Because I think there might be, at times, too much optimism about technology. And I say that as a technologist, so I ought to know. And like I said, on balance, I think that AI will
[0:06:04] So we just need to mitigate the downside potential. And then how, you talk about referee, and that's what we're trying to do. Demis is right there. Yeah, well, there we go. I mean, you know, and we talked about this, and Demis and I discussed this a long time ago. We're like literally facing right at him.
[0:06:26] And actually, Demis, to his credit, and the credit of people in the industry, did say that to us. It's not right that Demis and his colleagues are marking their own homework, right? There needs to be someone independent, and that's why we've developed the Safety Institute here. Do you think governments can develop the expertise? One of the things we need to do is say, hang on, Demis, Sam, all the others have got a lot of very smart people doing this. Governments need to quickly tool up.
[0:06:51] Capability-wise, personnel-wise, which is what we're doing. I mean, do you think it is possible for governments to do that fast enough, given how quickly the technology is developing? Or what do we need to do to make sure we do do it quick enough? No, I think it's a great point you're making. The pace of AI is faster than any technology I've seen in history by far. And it seems to be growing in capability by at least fivefold, perhaps tenfold per year. It'll certainly grow.
[0:07:21] By an order of magnitude next year. And government isn't used to moving at that speed. But I think even if there are not firm regulations, even if there isn't an enforcement capability, simply having insight and being able to highlight concerns to the public will be very powerful.
[0:07:45] Even if that's all that's accomplished, I think that will be very, very good. Okay. Yeah, well, hopefully we can do better than that. Hopefully, yeah. Yeah. No, but that's helpful. Actually, we were talking before. It was striking. You're someone who spent their life in technology, living Moore's Law, and what was interesting over the last couple of days talking to everyone who's doing the development of this, and I think you'd concur with this, is just the pace of advancement here is...
[0:08:10] Unlike anything, all of you have seen in your careers in technology. Is that fair? Because you've got these kind of compounding effects from the hardware and the data and the personnel. Yeah. I mean, currently the two leading centers for AI development are the San Francisco Bay Area and the sort of London area. And there are many other places where it's being done, but those are the two leading areas. So I think if the United States and...
[0:08:40] The UK and China are sort of aligned on safety. That's all going to be a good thing. That's where the leadership is generally. Actually, you mentioned China there. So I took a decision to invite China to the summit over the last couple of days. And it was not an easy decision. A lot of people criticized me for it. My view is if you're going to try... It's essential.
[0:09:03] Serious conversation, you need to. But what were your thoughts? You do business all around the world. You just talked about it there. Should we be engaging with them? Can we trust them? Is that the right thing to have done? If China is not on board with AI safety, it's somewhat of a moot situation. The single biggest objection that I get to in kind of AI regulation or sort of safety controls are, well, China's not going to do it, and therefore they will just jump into the lead and exceed us all.
[0:09:32] But actually, China is willing to participate in AI safety. And thank you for inviting them. And I think we should thank China for attending. When I was in China earlier this year, my main subject of discussion with the leadership in China was AI safety and saying that this is really something that they should care about. And they took it seriously. And you are too, which is great.
[0:10:02] Which is great. And having them here, I think, was essential, really. If they're not participants, it's pointless. It's pointless, yeah. And I think we were pleased. They were engaged yesterday in the discussions and actually ended up signing the same communique that everyone else did. That's great. Which is a good start, right? We need everyone to approach this in a similar way if we're going to have a realistic chance of resolving it. You talked about innovation earlier.
[0:10:28] And regulation being annoying. There was a good debate today we had about open source. And I think you've kind of been a proponent of algorithmic transparency and making some of the X algorithms public. And actually, we were talking about Jeffrey Hinton on the way in. He's particularly been very concerned about open source models being used by bad actors. You've got a group of people who say they are.
[0:10:52] Well, the open source algorithms and data tend to lag the closed source by six to 12 months.
[0:11:19] But given the rate of improvement, there's actually therefore quite a big difference between the closed source and the open. If things are improving by a factor of, let's say, five or more, then being a year behind is your five times worse. So it's a pretty big difference. And that might be actually an okay situation. But it certainly will get to the point where you've got open source AI that can do...
[0:11:47] That will start to approach human level intelligence, or perhaps exceed it. I don't know quite what to do about it. I think it's somewhat inevitable that there will be some amount of open source, and I guess I would have a slight bias towards open source, because at least you can see what's going on. Whereas closed source, you don't know what's going on. Now, it should be said with AI that even if it's open source, do you actually know what's going on? Because if you've got a gigantic data file, and sort of...
[0:12:17] Billions of data points or weights and parameters. You can't just read it and see what it's going to do. It's a gigantic file of inscrutable numbers. You can test it when you run it. You can run a bunch of tests to see what it's going to do, but it's probabilistic as opposed to deterministic. It's not like traditional programming where you've got...
[0:12:43] It's very discrete logic, and the outcome is very predictable, and you can read each line and see what each line's going to do. A neural net is just a whole bunch of probabilities. I mean, it sort of ends up being a giant comma-separated value file. It's like, our digital god is a CSV file? Really? Okay. But that is kind of what it is.
[0:13:10] That point you've just made is one that we have been talking about a lot because, again, conversations, the people who are developing the technology make the point that you've just made. It is not like normal software where there's predictability about inputs improving, leading to this particular output improving. And as the models iterate and improve.
[0:13:29] We don't quite know what's going to come out the other end. I think Demis would agree with that, which is why I think there is this bias that we need to get in there while the training runs are being done, before the models are released, to understand what is this new iteration brought about in terms of capability, which it sounds like you would agree with. I was going to shift gears a little bit. You've talked a lot about human consciousness, human agency, which actually might strike people as strange, given that you are known for being...
[0:13:57] Such a brilliant innovator and technologist. But it's quite heartfelt when I hear you talk about it and the importance of maintaining that agency in technology and preserving human consciousness. Now, it kind of links to the thing I was going to ask is, when I do interviews or talk to people out and about in this job about AI, the thing that comes up most, actually, is probably not so much the stuff we've been talking about, but jobs. It's what does AI mean for my job? Is it going to mean that I don't have a job or my kids are not going to have a job?
[0:14:26] My answer as a policymaker, as a leader, is actually AI is already creating jobs, and you can see that in the companies that are starting. Also, the way it's being used is a little bit more as a co-pilot necessarily versus replacing the person. There's still human agency, but it's helping you do your job better, which is a good thing. And as we've seen with technological revolutions in the past, clearly there's change in the labor market, the amount of jobs.
[0:14:54] Quoting an MIT study today that they did a couple of years ago, something like 60% of the jobs at that moment didn't exist 40 years ago, so hard to predict. And my job is to create an incredible education system, whether it's at school, whether it's retraining people at any point in their career, because ultimately if we've got a skilled population, they'll be able to keep up with the pace of change and have a good life. But it's still a concern. And what would your...
[0:15:18] What will kind of observation be on AI and the impact on labor markets and people's jobs and how they should feel about that as they think about this? Well, I think we are seeing the most disruptive force in history here. We have for the first time, we will have for the first time something that is smarter than the smartest human. And that, I mean, it's hard to say exactly what that moment is, but there will come a point where no job is needed.
[0:15:49] You can have a job if you want to have a job for personal satisfaction, but the AI won't be able to do everything. I don't know if that makes people comfortable or uncomfortable. That's why I say if you wish for a magic genie, that gives you any wishes you want, and there's no limit. You don't have this three wish limit nonsense. You just have as many wishes as you want.
[0:16:20] It's both good and bad. One of the challenges in the future will be how do we find meaning in life if you have a magic genie that can do everything you want. I do think it's hard. When there's new technology, it tends to usually follow an S-curve. In this case, we're going to be on the exponential portion of the S-curve for a long time.
[0:16:46] We won't have universal basic income. We'll have universal high income. So in some sense, it'll be somewhat of a leveler or an equalizer. Because really, I think everyone will have access to this magic genie. And you'll be able to ask any question. It'll certainly be good for education. It'll be the best tutor you could, and the most patient tutor. Except they're all they. And there will be no shortage of goods and services. We'll be in an age of abundance.
[0:17:18] I'd recommend people read Ian Banks. The Banks culture books are probably the best envisioning, in fact not probably, they're definitely by far the best envisioning of an AI future. There's nothing even close. So I'd recommend, really recommend Banks. I'm a very big fan. All his books are good. Doesn't say which one, all of them. So that'll give you a sense of
[0:17:48] What is, I guess, a fairly utopian or protopian future with AI? Which is good from a, as you said, it's a universal high income, which is a nice phrase, and it's good from a materialistic sense of abundance. Actually, that then leads to the question that you posed. I'm somebody who believes work gives you meaning. I think a lot about that. I think work is a good thing. It gives people purpose in their lives.
[0:18:18] If you then remove a large chunk of that, what does that mean and where do you get that drive, that motivation, that purpose? I mean, you were talking about it. You work a lot of hours. I do. As I was mentioning when we were talking earlier, I have to somewhat engage in deliberate suspension of disbelief because I'm putting so much blood, sweat, and tears into a work project and burning the 3 a.m. oil. Then I'm like, wait, why am I doing this? I can just wait for the AI to do it.
[0:18:46] I'm just lashing myself for no reason. Must be a glutton for punishment or something. Call Demis and tell him to hurry up and then you can have a holiday, right? It's a tricky thing because part of our job is to make sure that we can navigate to that very, I think, largely positive place that you're describing and help people through it between now and then.
[0:19:15] These things bring a lot about a change in the labor market, as we've seen. Yeah. I think it probably is generally a good thing, because there are a lot of jobs that are uncomfortable or dangerous or sort of tedious, and the computer will have no problem doing that. They're happy to do that all day long. So it's fun to cook food, but it's not that fun to wash the dishes. But the computer is perfectly happy to wash dishes. I guess there is... You know, we still have...
[0:19:44] Sports like where humans compete and like the Olympics and obviously a machine can can go faster than any human but we still have we saw humans race against each other and and have all you know have these sports competitions against each other where even though the machines are better with visual I guess competing to see who can be the best human at something and people do find fulfillment in that so I guess that's perhaps a
[0:20:11] A good example of how even when machines are faster than us, stronger than us, we still find a way. We still enjoy competing against other humans to at least see who's the best human. Yeah. That's a good analogy. And we've been talking a lot about managing the risks. Before we move on and finish on AI, let's just talk a little bit about the opportunities. You're engaged in lots of different companies, Neuraloping, an obvious one, which is doing some exciting stuff.
[0:20:38] You touched on the thing that I'm probably most excited about, which is in education. Yeah. And I think many people will have seen Sal Khan's video from earlier this year, his TED talk about, as you talked about, it's like a personal tutor. Yeah, an amazing personal tutor. An amazing personal tutor. And we know the difference in learning, having that personalized tutor is incredible compared to classroom learning. You can have every child have a personal tutor.
[0:21:01] Specifically for them that then just evolves with them over time. That could be extraordinary. For me, I look at it and I think, gosh, that is within reach at this point. And that's one of the benefits I'm most excited about. When you look at the landscape of things that you see as possible, what is it that you are particularly excited about? I think certainly AI tutors are going to be amazing. Perhaps already are. I think there's also...
[0:21:27] Perhaps companionship, which may seem odd because how can the computer really be your friend? But if you have an AI that has memory and remembers all of your interactions and has read everything, you're going to give it permission to read everything you've ever done. So it really will know you better than anyone, perhaps even yourself. And where you can talk to it every day and those conversations bolt upon each other. You will actually have a great friend.
[0:21:54] As long as that friend can stay your friend and not get turned off or something. Don't turn off my friends. But I think that will actually be a real thing. And one of my sons sort of has some learning disabilities and has trouble making friends, actually. And I was like, well, an AI friend would actually be great for him. Oh, OK. You know, that was a surprising answer, but that's actually worth.
[0:22:22] Worth reflecting on. So it's really interesting. We're already seeing it actually as we deliver psychotherapy anyway, now doing far more digitally and by telephone to people. And it's making a huge difference. And you can see a world in which actually AI can provide that social benefit to people. Just a quick question on X, and then we should open it up to everybody. You made a change.
[0:22:47] We made many changes. Yeah, quite a few. You love that letter. Yeah. I've got a real thing about it. You really do. You really do. One of the changes which kind of goes into the space that we have to operate in and this balance between free speech and moderation is something we grapple with as politicians. You were grappling with your inversion of that, and you moved away from a kind of manual human. Yeah.
[0:23:15] What was the reasoning behind that and why do you think that is a better way to do that? Part of the problem is if you empower people as censors, then there's going to be some amount of bias they have. And then whoever appoints the censors is effectively in control of information.
[0:23:45] The idea behind Community Notes is, well, how do we have a consensus-driven, I mean, so it's not really censoring it, but consensus-driven approach to truth. How do we make things the least amount untrue? You can say, like, one can't perhaps get to pure truth, but you can aspire to be more truthful. So the thing about Community Notes is it doesn't actually...
[0:24:11] If you delete anything, it simply adds context. Now that context could be this thing is untrue for the following reasons. But importantly with community notes, everything is open source, actually. So you can see the software, every line of the software, you can see all of the data that went into a community note, and you can independently create that community note. So if you see manipulation of the data, you can actually highlight that and say, well, this...
[0:24:39] There appears to be some gaming of the system, and you can suggest improvements. So it's maximum transparency, which is, I think... Combined with the kind of wisdom of the crowds and transparency to get to a better answer. And really one of the key elements of community notes is that in order for a note to be shown, people who have historically disagreed must agree. And there is a bit of AI usage here. So this will populate a parameter space around...
[0:25:10] Each contributed to community notes. And then parameter space. So everyone's got basically these vectors associated with them. So it's not as simple as right or left. It's saying it's several hundred vectors because things are more complicated than simply right or left. And then we'll do sort of inverse correlation. Say like, okay, these people generally disagree, but they agree about this note. Okay, so then that.
[0:25:39] And so then that gives the note credibility. That's the core of it, and it's working quite well. I've yet to see a note actually be present for more than a few hours that is incorrect. So the batting average is extremely good. And when I ask people, people say, oh, they're worried about community notes sort of being disinformation. I'm like, send me one. And then they can't. So I think it's quite good. The general aspiration is
[0:26:07] What the X platform is to inform and entertain the public and to be as accurate as possible and as truthful as possible, even if someone doesn't like the truth. People don't always like the truth. No. Not always. But that's the aspiration. And I think if we stay true to the truth, then I think we'll find that people use the system to learn what is going on.
[0:26:36] I think actually truth pays. Assuming you don't want to engage in self-delusion, then I think it's the smart move. Excellent. Very helpful. Let's open it up to all our guests here. We've got some microphones. Put your hands up. They'll come and find you. Yes. Go for it. Thank you.
[0:27:03] Good evening. Alice Bunting from Entrepreneur First. Thank you for a fascinating conversation. I suppose a question for each of you. Prime Minister, the UK has some of the best universities in the world. We have the talent. What will it take for the UK to be a real breeding ground for unicorn companies? And Elon, being a founder in the UK is still a non-obvious career choice for the most exceptional technical talent. What are the cultural elements that we need to put into place to change this? Thank you both.
[0:27:33] You want to go first? Go for it. Sure. Well, you're right that there are cultural elements where the culture should celebrate creating new companies. And there should be a bias towards supporting small companies because they're the ones that need nurturing. The larger companies really don't need nurturing.
[0:27:59] You can think of it sort of like a garden. If it's a little sprout, it needs nurturing. If it's a mighty oak, it doesn't need quite as much. So I think that is a mindset change that is important. But I should mention that London and San Francisco, or the Bay Area, are really the two centers for AI. So London is actually doing very well on that front.
[0:28:28] Locations on Earth. San Francisco's probably ahead of London, but London's really very strong, or London area. Greater London, home counties, I guess. Keep going, keep going. So I'm just saying objectively this is the case. But you do need that, you need the infrastructure, you need landlords who are willing to rent to new companies.
[0:28:56] Law firms and accountants that are willing to support new companies. And it's generally, it is a mindset change. And I think some of that is happening, but I think really it's just culturally people need to decide this is a good thing. Yeah. Actually, well, thanks for what you said about the UK. It's something that we work hard on. Lots of people in the room are part of what makes this a fabulous place for innovative companies, including Alice. So, Alice, what I'd say is my job is to get all the...
[0:29:24] The nuts and bolts, right? Make sure that all of your starting companies can raise the capital that you need. Everything from your seed funding with our incredible EIS tax reliefs all the way through to your late stage rounds. And we need reform of our pension funds. And the chancellor's got a bunch of incredible reforms to unlock capital from all the people who have it and deploy it into growth equity. That is a work in progress. We're not there yet, but I think we're making good progress. We need talent. We need people.
[0:29:53] So that means an education system that prioritizes the things that matter. And you've seen my reforms. I go on about more maths, more maths, more maths. But I think that is important. But also attracting the best and the brightest here. If you look at our fastest growing companies in this country, and I think it's probably the same in the US, over half of them have a non-British founder.
[0:30:14] And so that tells you we've got to be a place that is open to the world's best and brightest entrepreneurial talent. So the visa regime that we've put in place, I think, does that, makes it easy for those people to come here. And then actually it's the thing that we spent the beginning of the session talking about, the regulation, making sure that we've got a regulatory system that's pro-innovation, that, yeah, of course we always need guardrails on the things.
[0:30:36] That will worry us, but we've got to create a space for people to innovate and do different things. Those are all my jobs. The thing that is tougher is the thing that Elon talked about, which is culture. It's how do you transpose that culture from places like Silicon Valley across the world where people are unafraid to give up the security of a regular paycheck to go and start something.
[0:30:59] And be comfortable with failure. You talk about that a lot. I think you talked about it more when you were playing games, right? That you've got to be comfortable failing and knowing that that's just part of the process. And that is a tricky cultural thing to do overnight, but it's an important part of, I think, creating that kind of environment. Yeah, if you don't succeed with your first startup, it shouldn't be sort of a catastrophic career-ending thing. It should be, you know, well, good. I think you should be like, well, you gave it a good shot.
[0:31:26] And now try again. Exactly. One thing I was going to mention is obviously creating a company is sort of a high risk, high reward situation. And I don't know quite how it works in the UK. I think it's probably better than continental Europe. But the stock options are very difficult in most parts of Europe. I'm not sure how it is in the UK. But if somebody's basically going to risk their life savings and
[0:31:56] And the vast majority of startups fail. So, I mean, you hear about the startups that succeed, but most companies are, most startups consist of a massive amount of work followed by failure. That's actually most companies. And so it's a high risk, high reward. And so the high reward part does need to be there for it to make sense. I think that was a...
[0:32:20] Very soft pitch for a tax policy. But actually, I can tell you. So AI agree. So we have, I think, relative to certainly European countries, but certainly the US, definitely California, a much lower rate of capital gains tax. So for those people who are risking and growing something, we think the reward should be there at the end. So it's 20% capital gains tax rate. And on stock options, I don't know if we've got anyone from...
[0:32:46] We've got two index ventures in the room. So Index, one of our leading VC funds here, they do a regular report looking at most countries' tax treatment of stock options. And when I was chancellor, treasury secretary equivalent, we were, I think, down at, we were pretty good, but we were fourth or fifth. And I said, we need to, for exactly the reason that you mentioned, this has got to be the best place for innovators, we need to move that up.
[0:33:13] And I think in the last iteration of that report, because of the changes that Jeremy and I have made, we have moved up to, I think, second from memory. So hopefully that should give you and everyone else some comfort that we recognize that's important. Because when people work hard and risk things, they should be able to enjoy the rewards of that. High risk, high reward. Yeah, and I think we very much have a tax system that supports that, and those are the values that I believe in, and I think most of us in this room probably do as well.
[0:33:39] Right, next question. I've got Seb in front of me, and then I'll come over here. Go on, Seb. Thanks very much. We've talked about some really big ideas, global changing ideas. I'm really interested, particularly in the context of creation of science and technology, super hubs and so on, how does that map onto the everyday lives of people living in, say, Austin, Texas, or in my case, Nottingham, East Midlands?
[0:34:07] How do you see that evolving for people every day? The sort of everyday effects of AI? For context, Elon, so Seb runs our equivalent of CVS, right, or Walgreens. Actually, I visited, right? So he's got millions of people coming in his shops every day, and it's making sure, how do we make this relevant? I think Seb, this is your question. How is this relevant to that person? Actually, I'll go first on that, because I think it's a fair point.
[0:34:39] I was just going over with the team a couple of things that we're doing. Because I was thinking, how are we doing AI right now that's making a difference to people's lives? And we have this thing called gov.uk, which actually, when it happened several years ago, was a pioneering thing. All the government information brought together on one website, gov.uk. So you need to get a driving license, passport, any interaction with government. It was centralized in a very easy, relatively easy to use way.
[0:35:08] Better than most. So we're about to deploy AI across that platform. So that is something that I think several million people a day use. So a large chunk of the population is interacting with gov.uk every single day to do all these day-to-day tasks. Every one of your customers is doing all those things. And so we're about to deploy AI into that to make that whole process so much easier.
[0:35:35] Because some people will be like, look, well, I'm currently here and I've lost my passport and my flight's in five hours. At the moment, that would require how many steps to figure out what you do. Actually, when we deploy the AI, it should be that you could just literally say that and boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, this is what we're going to do, walk you through it. And that's going to benefit millions and millions of people every single day, right? Because that's a very practical way in my seat that I can start using this technology to help people in their day-to-day lives, not just...
[0:36:04] Healthcare discoveries and everything else that we're also doing. But I thought that's quite a powerful demonstration of literally your day-to-day customer seeing actually their just day-to-day life get a little bit easier because of something that Elon, Demis, and others in this room have helped create. Yeah, exactly. The most immediate thing is just being able to ask. Like having a very smart friend that you can ask anything. Ask how to make something, how to solve any problem, and it'll tell you.
[0:36:34] And obviously companies are going to adopt this. So I think you'll have much better customer service, I guess, essentially. That'll probably be the first thing you notice. And then we talked about education. So having a tutor, so if you're trying to understand a subject, like having a phenomenal tutor on any subject, that's really pretty much there already almost. I mean, we need to...
[0:37:03] Obviously, AI needs to stop hallucinating before, you know, it can't give you, I mean, we still have a little bit of a problem where it can give you an answer that's confidently wrong with great grammar and, you know, bullet points and everything and citations, which is not real. So it has to be okay. We need to make sure it's not giving you confidently wrong tutor answers. But that's going to happen pretty quickly where it is actually correct.
[0:37:33] I was going to say, for any parent who was homeschooling during COVID and realizing what their kids needed to be helped with, that will come as an enormous relief, I think. Very, very good. Right. Let's go questions over here. Do we have any microphones? Brent, are you there? Perfect. Hi. Brent Hovman. So you've spoken eloquently about abundance and the age of abundance. So it feels like, obviously, with AI, it's everything, everywhere, everywhere, all at once.
[0:38:02] But with robots, and to get the age of abundance, we'll need a lot of robots. I know you're working a lot on robots as well. Are there sort of constraints that we should think of and our politicians should be thinking of that one country might get heavily behind in robots that can do all these things and enter the age of abundance and therefore be at a strategic disadvantage? Well, really anything that can be actuated by a computer is effectively a robot. So you can think of, frankly, Tesla cause.
[0:38:34] are robots on wheels. Anything that's connected to the internet is effectively an endpoint actuator for artificial intelligence. So you've got Boston Dynamics. Obviously, they've been making impressive robots for a while. I think they're, at this point, mostly owned by Hyundai. So I guess Hyundai's probably going to make robots that are humanoid and some rather interesting shapes that I wasn't.
[0:39:03] Just being like the one that has wheels and looks sort of like a kangaroo on wheels. I'm not sure what that is. Looks a little demented, frankly. But there's going to be all sorts of robots. You've got the company Dyson in the UK, which I think does some pretty impressive things. I think the UK will not be behind, actually, on that front. UK also has ARM, which is...
[0:39:34] Really the best, one of the best, perhaps the best in chip design in the world. Tesla uses a lot of ARM technology. Almost everyone does, actually. So I think the UK is in a strong position. Germany obviously makes a lot of robots, industrial robots. I mean, I think generally countries that make robots of any kind, even if they seem somewhat conventional.
[0:40:04] We'll be fine. I do think there is a safety concern, especially with humanoid robots, because at least the car can't chase you into this building, not very easily, or chase you off a tree. You can sort of run up a flight of stairs and get away from a Tesla. I think there's a Stephen King movie about that, if your car gets possessed.
[0:40:34] But if you have a humanoid robot, it can basically chase you anywhere. So I think we should have some kind of hardwired local cutoff that you can't update from the internet. So anything that can be software updated from the internet obviously can be overridden. But if you have a local sort of off switch where you perhaps say a keyword or something and then that puts the robot into a safe state, some kind of localized...
[0:41:03] Safe state ability, and off switch, where you don't have to get too close to the robot. I don't know. If we've got millions of these things going all over the place. You're not selling it. No, I know. I'm saying this is something we should be quite concerned about. Because if the robot can follow you anywhere, then what if they just one day get a software update and they're not so friendly anymore?
[0:41:31] We've got a James Cameron movie on our heads. It's funny you say that because in our session that we had today, I would say they made exactly the same point, right, Dennis? They're talking about movies, actually without mentioning James Cameron, they're talking about James Cameron movies. They're saying, if you think about it, it's not just those movies, but any of these movies trains...
[0:41:57] Subways, metros, cars, buses. They said all these movies with the same plot fundamentally all end with the person turning it off, right? Or finding a way to shut the thing down. And they were making the same point that you were about the importance of actual physical off switches. And so all the technology is great, but fundamentally this same movie is played out 50 times. We've all watched it. And it all fundamentally, you know, the point I'm referring to, right? It all ends in pretty much the same way with someone finding a way to just...
[0:42:26] Do the thing, which is kind of interesting that you said a similar point, right? It's not the obvious place you'd go to. Maybe that could be one of the tests for the AI. We should say, like, blank is your favorite James Cameron movie. Fill in the blank. Yeah, excellent. Right. Yes. We got over there. Yeah, perfect.
[0:42:50] Hi. Question for you both. So I'm a founder of an AI and ML scale-up in the third center for AI, which is Leeds in the north of England. I'm a bit biased. Since the launch of ChatGPT, three months after that, we saw a real increase in phishing attacks using much more sophisticated language patterns. What do we do to protect businesses, consumers, that they trust this technology better, and how do we bring them along that journey with us? Well, I think we shouldn't trust it that much, actually.
[0:43:22] It is actually quite a significant challenge because we're getting to the point where even open source AI can pass human capture tests. So, you know, this is, are you a human? Identify all the traffic lights in this picture. You're like, okay. AI's going to have no problem doing that. In fact, it'll do it better than a human and faster than a human. So we're like, how do you, you know, at the point at which it's better, a better human, better passing human tests than humans, then, well, what tests actually make sense?
[0:43:53] That is a real problem. I don't actually have a good solution to it. One of the things we're trying to figure out on the X platform is how to deal with that because we really are at the point where even with open source, readily available AI, you don't need to be leading the field. You can actually be better than humans at passing these tests. And that's sort of why we think, well, perhaps we should sort of charge a...
[0:44:19] It's a very tiny amount of money, but it still makes it prohibitively expensive to make a million bots. Especially if you need a million payment methods, then you run out of stolen credit cards pretty quickly. So that's where we're thinking we might have to just charge some very tiny amount of money, 0.3 cents a day effectively, to deal with the-
[0:44:49] The onslaught of AI-powered bots. And that is still a growing problem, but it will be, I think, perhaps an insurmountable problem next year. And then you have to worry about, well, manipulation of information is making something seem very popular when in fact it is not, because it's getting boosted by all these likes and reposts from AI-powered bots. So that's why I sort of think somewhat inevitably it leads to...
[0:45:18] Some small payment in order to dramatically increase the cost of a bot. So I think, frankly, I think probably any social media system that doesn't do that will simply be overrun by bots. You know, I think my general answer would be, you know, we need to show that we are on top of mitigating the risks, right? So people can trust the technology. That's what actually the last couple of days has been about on the safety summit is just showing, you know, what we're investing in.
[0:45:50] The Safety Institute, having the people who can do the research on these things to figure out how we mitigate against them and we have to do it fast and we have to keep iterating it because I think all of us probably in this room believe that the technology can be incredibly powerful but we've got to make sure we bring people along that journey with us that we're handling the risks that are there and as I said there's a job to do and the last couple of days I think we make good progress on it because we want to focus on the positives and manage these things but that requires action.
[0:46:18] And that's what the last couple of days have been about. Your story, your analogy there was part of the research that actually the team working on the task force here published and presented yesterday. I don't know if you saw it, which is essentially that. It was using AI to create a ton of fake profiles on social media and then infiltrate particular groups.
[0:46:45] Particular information. And at the moment, as I said to your point, it's a cost-free thing. It's getting to the point where it's like, really, you're going to have $100 for a penny sort of thing. Ridiculous. And if you think about some of these social networks at what a neighborhood or town level, it's not that many fake profiles that you need to quickly create. Suddenly they're everywhere, and there's some local issue that might be of importance.
[0:47:08] Run versions of how that would look like, and suddenly they're interacting with everybody and then spreading misinformation around. Yeah, it's a real challenge. Literally, as part of the research that we published on misinformation yesterday, it's a real challenge. Yeah, exactly. And to your point, the images, you don't even need to steal somebody's picture because that's traceable, but you can actually just, say, create a new image of a person, realistic looking, but doesn't exist, and then...
[0:47:35] Create a biography, realistic but doesn't exist, and do that en masse. And practically, the only way you'll be able to tell is that the grammar is too good. Take it away. No typos? Come on. Now, I'm getting waved at, because I think we are out of time. I know we can take one very brief last question. And let's make it go on. Yes, sir. Go on. You're right in front of me. Go on. Elon, question for you.
[0:48:02] Related to X platform. Are there simple things we can do, especially when it comes to visual media? You alluded to the fact that it's fairly straightforward and effectively free to make people like yourselves say and do things that you never said or did. Can we do something like cryptographically sign media? I'm from Adobe. We're working on this project. Twitter was a member. Love to see X come back. Digitally sign media to indicate not only what was created by AI, but what came from a camera, what was real, to imbue a sense of trust in media that can go viral.
[0:48:32] That sounds like a good idea, actually. Some way of authenticating would be good. So, yeah, that sounds like a good idea. We should probably do it. There you go. Actually, on that point, this is particularly pertinent for people in my job, right? And I've already had a situation happen to me with a doctored image that...
[0:48:58] It goes everywhere, negative. By the time everyone realizes, well, that's fake, and we should stop sending it, the damage is done. And actually, we were, again, reflecting today. If you think next year, you've got elections in, you know, I think, you know, the U.S., India, I think Indonesia, probably here. There you go. Massive news. And actually, you've got just an enormous chunk of the world's population is voting next year.
[0:49:26] You've got EU elections as well. These issues are right in front of us. Next year is where big elections across the globe, probably the first set of elections where this has been a real issue. Figuring out how we manage that is, I think, mission critical for the people who want the integrity of our democracy. Some of it is quite entertaining, like the Pope in the puffer jacket. Have you seen that one? That's amazing. I still run into people who think that's real.
[0:49:56] I'm like, well, what are the odds he's wearing a puffer jacket in July in Rome? He'd be sweating. But it actually looked quite dashing, I have to say. In fact, I think AI fashion is going to be a real thing. So out of any doom and gloom, we live in the most interesting times. And I think this is 80% likely to be good and 20% bad. And I think if we're cognizant and careful about the bad part, on balance, actually, it will be the future that we want.
[0:50:25] For the future, that is preferable. And it actually will be somewhat of a leveler, an equalizer, in the sense that I think everyone will have access to goods and services and education. And so I think probably it leads to more human happiness. So I guess I'd probably leave on an optimistic note. Perfect. Yeah. Well, that is a great note to end on. I think that we all want that.
[0:50:51] Thank you very much for having me.